Tecnología biofloc en la acuicultura: estado de avance, desarrollo y aplicación
Biofloc technology in aquaculture: progress, development and application status
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La producción acuícola con tecnología biofloc se ha constituido como una alternativa técnica emergente que favorece la eficiencia en el uso del agua, permite la recuperación de nutrientes disueltos y sedimentados en el agua y reduce las emisiones contaminantes. A lo largo de este documento se muestran sus bases técnicas generales, los tipos de biofloc, tipo de comunidades microbianas predominantes y su papel en el manejo y aprovechamiento de compuestos nitrogenados. Por otro lado, se discuten las necesidades de mantener un adecuado balance de carbono y nitrógeno (C: N), así como las diversas fuentes de carbono (C) empleadas a nivel experimental y comercial para cumplir con dicho propósito. De igual forma, se tratan aspectos fundamentales como las condiciones de calidad y cantidad de agua para operar estos sistemas y los compuestos a ser monitoreados como parte del esquema de manejo. Finalmente, se explora el valor del biofloc como recurso alimenticio, la importancia de la selección de especies acuícolas compatibles con esta técnica, los resultados favorables obtenidos en materia de respuesta inmune, resistencia a enfermedades, biocontrol y uso de probióticos en el marco de la bioseguridad, la sostenibilidad económica, así como las ventajas, desventajas y perspectivas en la aplicación de este método productivo.
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